Peacebuilding: A broad review of approaches, policies and practices

This background paper has been produced for a workshop on “Civil society views on next generation peacebuilding and conflict prevention policy and programming issues and responses”, convened by Peacebuild in Ottawa on March 14, 2011 with the support of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade

Relations entre les maladies parodontales et les maladies systémiques : une étude transversale des connaissances des étudiants en médecine interne au Canada

Plusieurs études récentes montrent que les maladies parodontales peuvent être associées à certaines maladies systémiques. En particulier, la parodontite a été associée au diabète, aux maladies cardiovasculaires et à des complications de la grossesse. Au Canada, aucune étude n’a examiné les connaissances et les pratiques cliniques des médecins quant aux maladies parodontales et leurs liens avec les conditions systémiques. Le but de ce projet de recherche était d’évaluer les connaissances et les pratiques cliniques des étudiants en médecine interne canadiens au sujet des liens entre la parodontite et les maladies systémiques. Pour cela, un questionnaire électronique anonyme de quinze questions a été envoyé aux étudiants des programmes de médecine interne canadiens. Six facultés de médecine ont accepté de participer au projet de recherche et il y a eu un nombre total de 126 répondants (taux de participation des étudiants = 24 %). Il a été trouvé qu’ils possédaient des connaissances limitées sur les maladies parodontales et sur leurs associations avec les maladies systémiques (64,9 % de bonnes réponses). Les étudiants sous-estimaient la prévalence de la parodontite et connaissaient peu les conditions systémiques associées aux maladies parodontales. De plus, leurs pratiques cliniques ne suivaient généralement pas les recommandations publiées dans la littérature et 71,4 % des étudiants n’avaient pas reçu d’informations concernant les maladies parodontales pendant leur formation en médecine. Aucun lien n’a été observé entre les résultats des connaissances et le nombre d’années d’étude en médecine interne. Les étudiants étaient intéressés (84,9 %) à avoir davantage de formation sur les maladies parodontales et sur les liens avec les conditions systémiques. Selon les résultats obtenus, il appert que plus de formation sur les maladies parodontales lors des programmes canadiens de médecine permettrait d’améliorer les connaissances des internistes, de promouvoir de meilleures pratiques cliniques et de favoriser une plus étroite collaboration interprofessionnelle.In recent years, a number of studies have reported associations between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes. It appears that no published study has examined the knowledge and practice behaviors of canadian physicians about periodontal diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate periodontal knowledge and practice behaviors of internal medicine trainees in Canada. A 15 question electronic survey was sent to seventeen canadian internal medicine programs. Six program directors accepted to participate to the study and a total of 126 students completed the survey (response rate for the students = 24 %). Knowledge about periodontal diseases of the internal medicine students was limited (64,9 % of good answers). Students generally under-estimated the prevalence of periodontal diseases and most of them were not aware of the systemic conditions associated with periodontal diseases. Furthermore, their practice behaviors did not follow the recommendations published in the literature and 71,4 % reported having not received training about periodontal diseases in medical school. No link was observed between the knowledge results and the number of years completed in internal medicine and 84,9 % were interested in getting more training about periodontal diseases and their associations with general health. According to the results, education in periodontal health is needed in canadian medical programs in order to improve internal medicine physician’s knowledge, promote best practices and improve interprofessional collaboration

Recrutement, mobilité professionnelle et reproduction sociale des artisans de Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu, 1740-1810

Jusqu’à ce jour, les travaux sur les artisans du Canada préindustriel ont permis de mieux saisir les principaux traits familiaux et sociaux de certains métiers. Toutefois, la majorité des auteurs se sont surtout intéressés aux artisans urbains. Cet article vise à mieux définir le portrait social des artisans ruraux de la région de Montréal au tournant du XIXe siècle. Nous cherchons plus spécifiquement à définir les modalités de recrutement et la cohésion sociale de l’ensemble des artisans d’une communauté rurale spécifique : Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu. Nous définissons d’abord l’origine géographique et sociale des familles artisanales de cette paroisse. Puis, nous vérifions le degré de mobilité professionnelle de ces artisans à l’intérieur de leur cycle de vie. Nous abordons finalement les aspects de la mobilité ou de l’enracinement des artisans dans cette région sous l’angle de la reproduction familiale et sociale.Studies of artisans in pre-industrial French Canada have given us a better understanding of the workings of certain trades and the characteristics of families in a broader social setting. Most authors, however, have studied urban artisans. This paper seeks to lend precision to the social portrait of rural artisans in the Montreal region early in the nineteenth century. More specifically, it attempts to define the modes of recruitment and the bases of the social cohesion of all the artisans of one rural community: Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu. First, the paper traces the geographic and social origins of the artisan families of this parish, before measuring the degree of professional mobility of the artisans through their lives. Finally, aspects of mobility and stability of the members of the group are studied in the context of family and social reproduction

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS IM/MOBILITY: PRE-LIMIRARY THOUGHTS ON UNDERSTANDING THE USE OF AI IN IMMIGRATION SYSTEMS

Technology, including artificial intelligence in im/migration service delivery and migration management have been widely deployed in EuroAmerica (Mongia, 2018; Walia, 2021). In Canada, Immigration Refugee Citizenship Canada (IRCC) has, in the past few years, secretly piloted an in-house built AI system for triaging im/migrant applications from China, India and the Philippines (Molnar & Gill, 2018). The 2 million immigration applications backlog in part caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has been used as a justification to accelerate the push for the adoption of AI in im/migration affairs stating the need to modernize, optimize and expedite immigration affairs. Building on AoIR 2022’s theme, I take a decolonial approach to the study of AI and im/migration issues. I follow the claim made by decolonial scholars (El-Nany, 2020) that it is necessary to go back in history in order to better understand current power relations, systemic racism and patriarchy, the ongoing dispossession and forced im/mobility of racialized populations located in the global South. I conceptualize the use of AI as immobility to show how populations become testing grounds to decide who is worthy of im/mobility. Methodologically, this conference paper is informed by access to information requests made to the government of Canada to shed light on the use of AI systems within the IRCC. In addition, this paper relies on desk research including newspaper articles, blog posts and podcasts by and with immigration lawyers, and parliamentary hearings

Introduction: Radical Feminist Storytelling and Speculative Fiction: Creating New Worlds by Re-Imagining Hacking

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Introduction. The Mediality of Concealment: Material Practices and Symbolic Operativity

Ce numéro spécial porte sur les formes culturelles, les technologies et les logiques sociales de la dissimulation. Nous proposons dans cette introduction un examen critique des enchevêtrements culturels et politiques de trois domaines emblématiques de la dissimulation : le camouflage, la stéganographie et l’encryption. Centrée sur l’étude de la médialité, notre analyse croise l’évolution des environnements médiatiques et des représentations de ces procédés de dissimulation pour mieux en comprendre les modes de légitimation et l’opérativité symbolique.This special issue focuses on the cultural forms, technologies, and social logics of dissimulation. In this introduction, we propose a critical examination of the cultural and political entanglements of three emblematic domains of dissimulation: camouflage, steganography, and encryption. Focusing on the study of mediality, our analysis crosses the evolution of media environments and representations of these dissimulation processes to better understand their modes of legitimization and symbolic operativity

The Handbook of Peer Production

Peer production is a mode of commons-based and – ideally – commons-oriented production in which participation is voluntary and predicated on the self-selection of tasks. This decentralised organisational model, which does not rely on exclusive ownership and formal contracts, has in some cases surpassed traditional forms of production. Originally the Internet enabled millions of people to collectively produce and revise computer operating systems and applications, encyclopedia articles, and film and television databases. Today peer production is still associated to the digital commons in the case of wireless networks and online currencies, but also encompasses offline ventures such as shared machine shops and biohacking, amongst many others. The Handbook of Peer Production outlines central concepts, examines current and emerging areas of application, and analyses the forms and principles of cooperation that continue to impact multiple areas of production and sociality. Featuring thirty chapters by an international and diverse team of experts in the field, this landmark work maps the origins and manifestations of peer production, discusses the factors and conditions that are enabling and co-opting it, and considers peer production projects’ current impacts and potential consequences for the social order. Detailed chapters address the governance, political economy, and cultures of peer production, as well as user motivations, social rules and norms, the role of peer production in social change and activism, and much more. Filling a gap in available literature as the only extensive overview of peer production’s modes of generating informational goods and services, this ground-breaking volume: • Offers accessible, up-to-date information to both specialists and non-specialists across academia, industry, journalism, and public advocacy; • Includes interviews with leading practitioners discussing the future of peer production; • Critically assesses the histories, key debates, contradictions, and pioneers of peer production; • Explores technologies for peer production, openness and licensing, peer learning, open design, and free and open-source software. The Handbook of Peer Production is an indispensable resource for students, instructors, researchers, and professionals working in fields such as communication studies, science and technology studies, sociology, and management studies, as well as those interested in the network information economy, the public domain, and new forms of organisation and networking